Sources and original illustrations
Primary references and the limits of this educational collection.
Primary references
- FIE Technical Rules, August 2026 — Weapon targets, electronic registration and referee decisions on the fencing phrase.
- FIE Paris 2024 sport guide — An introductory illustration of the three weapons and competition structure; event-specific historical guide.
- World Curling: What is curling? — Scoring an end, last-stone advantage and the distinction between four-player and mixed doubles formats.
- World Curling rules — Current rulebooks and discipline-specific regulations.
- World Rugby: Advantage — Why a referee can allow play to continue after an infringement.
- World Rugby Laws: Law 7 Advantage — Tactical and territorial advantage and the referee’s assessment.
- ICC: Formats of the game — Distinction between Test, ODI and T20 international formats.
- MCC Laws of Cricket, 2026edition — Runs, wickets, innings and six valid deliveries in an over.
- FIVB: Basic rules — Rally scoring, service and receiving-team rotation in indoor volleyball.
- FIVB Official Volleyball Rules 2025–2028 — Set scoring, service order and front-row/back-row distinctions.
- USA Table Tennis: Rules of table tennis — Introductory eleven-point scoring, alternating service and match terminology.
- ITTF current statutes and technical rules — Official rulebook access; check the edition and competition conditions for a specific event.
- IHF Indoor Handball Rules, July 2025 — Passive-play warning, attack requirements and referee assessment.
- IHF regulations and documents — Current indoor handball rules and clarifications, distinct from beach and wheelchair rules.
- FIH Rules of Hockey 2026 — Outdoor eleven-a-side circle scoring and match provisions.
- FIH current rules and implementation dates — The 2027 outdoor rules take effect internationally on 1 November 2026; national implementation may vary.
- World Squash Officiating: Rules of squash, September 2025 — Rally scoring to eleven with a two-point margin, interference and let/stroke decisions.
- World Climbing: Lead explained — Lead hold-height scoring and the plus notation; standalone Lead context.
- World Climbing 2026 Competition Rules — Controlled scoring holds, movement and competition-specific ranking provisions.
- UCI: About track cycling — Omnium structure and the final points race; other track events use different formats.
- UCI Track Cycling Regulations, January 2026 — Omnium classification, points-race additions and competition procedures.
- World Rowing: Scull and sweep — Sculling uses two oars per rower; sweep uses one.
- World Rowing: Rowing 101, August 2026 — Classical 2000m race, boat terminology and the progression of a rowing race.
- ICF: Canoe Slalom — Upstream/downstream gate colours, elapsed time and two- or fifty-second penalties.
- ICF: The all-seeing eye of the judge — Historical explanation of judging gate passage and the limits of a television angle; not current event advancement rules.
- World Triathlon: Talk like a triathlete — Split time, T1, T2, waves and race-format vocabulary.
- World Triathlon FAQs — Event-specific athlete guides, transition access and competition-rule context.
- World Archery: Target archery — Recurve set points, compound cumulative scoring and matchplay structure.
- World Archery Book 3, March 2026 — Individual set-play and cumulative scoring rules, official scorecards and tie handling.
- ISU: Figure skating overview, 2026 — Technical elements, execution, components and programme structure.
- ISU Four Continents 2026 judges’ details: rhythm dance — Actual official results layout: element base value, GOE, TES, factored PCS and deductions. Article calculations are separate invented examples.
- FIS Ski Jumping International Competition Rules, currently linked edition — Distance points, judges’ style marks and result components.
- FIS World Cup Ski Jumping Men 2026–2027 rules — Current competition procedures and wind/gate-compensation context; filename is retained by FIS across updates.
- FIS Style Judging Guidelines — Flight, landing, telemark and outrun as judged phases.
- FIS Nordic Combined 101: Individual competition formats — Gundersen conversion of jump-point deficits to start delays; distinct Compact and Mass Start methods.
- ISU: Why speed skaters change lanes, July 2026 — Paired-race lane changes on the backstretch and exceptions for mass-start/team events.
- ISU: Distances and race formats, September 2026 — Classical paired time trials and distinctions from other long-track formats.
- ISA Rulebook, July 2026 — Computer-scored heat totals from the best two wave scores, judging, priority and interference provisions.
- ISA Paris 2024 Surfing Team Leaders Guide — Introductory explanation of wave scores, two-wave heat totals and priority; historical event guide, not current schedules.
Original visual material
The diagrams in this edition are original SVG illustrations explaining the sequence or decisions in each guide. They do not show a laboratory experiment, a personal trip or a tested product result. No photographs from the linked sources are reproduced.
Check the source in context
References were consulted during preparation of this edition. A source may cover a broader or narrower question than a particular guide; the support notes above explain why it is listed. Read the original for methodology, exceptions and updates.